Raising twins is never easy but in Benin, an poor nation on the west coast of Africa, hardship means many die during childhood. Now a stunning new set of photos shows how the families deal with their grief - by creating doll effigies of the lost infants and raising them as if they were still alive.
Taken by French photographer Eric Lafforgue, the photos document the life of the Fon tribe, who say the dolls possess the child's spirit and have the power to bring the family good or bad luck, depending on how well they are treated.
Every day, the dolls are cradled, 'fed', scrubbed clean and put to bed on immaculate linens - all in an effort to keep them from being unhappy and cursing the family with evil magic.
Many of the dolls also attend school with their living siblings and, when their parents are away working, are cared for in huge 'creches' run by the village elders.
Not every child becomes a doll after they die however - the custom only applies to those born of multiple births, which, in the Fon tribe, occurs in one in every 20 births - one of the highest in the world.
The extremely high mortality rate means that twins, either one or both, often die.
'Three months after the birth of twins, if they are still alive, they do a collection of gifts from around the community,' explains Mr Lafforgue. 'If they are dead, the statues of the twins are sculpted then placed so that they peer out of the front garment of the mother for everyone to see.'
One mother, named Hounyoga, who resides in the village of Bopa, took Mr Lafforgue through a day the life of her own dolls. The 40-year-old, who is married to a voodoo practitioner whose work includes preserving the dead bodies of criminals before using their skulls for rituals has had nine children.
Among them was a set of twins who died just a few months apart at the age of two, and she has also suffered a number of miscarriages.
Hounyoga's dead twins were called Zinsou (the boy) and Zinhoue (the girl), but she talks about them in the present tense. In the morning, like any child, the twins are bathed by their mother, who wipes their faces with a wet glove.
They are also given a weekly scrub in the lake, not because they are dirty but to rid them of evil spirits. 'Hounyoga wipes them with a vegetable sponge and soap,' explains Mr Lafforgue.
'Then she dries them off and sprays perfume on them. The bathing ends. She throws the sponge as far as possible in the lake. It is contaminated. If she brings it home, she will bring the evil spirits with her.'
Some statues are cleaned so often that the facial features disappear, the wood eroded by constant scrubbing, which, says Mr Lafforgue, makes them enormously appealing to Western collectors.
The photographer says families are appalled at the thought of collectors buying the dolls and liken it to parents 'selling' their children.
Next it's time for lunch. 'She put the twins on two miniature iron chairs around the table where we sit,' explains Lafforgue. 'It’s 1pm and she must serve lunch to the twins.'
The food is accompanied by water and carbonated drinks like Fanta and Coca Cola because, according to the voodoo belief system, sugar is equated with peace.
'In giving sugar to the statues, you increase your chances of having a better life because the twins have supernatural powers and the ability to affect your destiny,' Mr Lafforgue explains.
After lunch, Hounyoga visits a small temple with the dolls, where she feeds the rest of the meal to a snake deity called Dan. Then, after biting a cola nut in half with her teeth, she seasons it with strong spices and offers it to the twins.
'She tells me that they accept the offering and are satisfied,' Mr Lafforgue says. 'Now it’s the humans’ turn.'
Hounyoga told him: 'If we take bad care of a twin, he or she will get angry and all of a sudden, will disappear. We will wake up in the morning and they will no longer be in the house. So a great tragedy will soon come.
'On the other hand, if we take good care of the twins, when someone is harassing me or wanting to cause me harm, I tell the twins and they protect me.'
Come nightfall, the statues are put to sleep like children in a bed made from a mat and an immaculate white blanket.
'This contrasts with her room which contains a dirty mattress and an old mosquito net,' Mr Lafforgue remarks. 'It’s clear that the best goes to the twins.'
She undresses them, and lays them on their back, side by side, in their miniature bed and waits for them to 'sleep' before turning them over onto their stomachs.
If the mother doesn't have time to take care of the statues, then the father does it. Hounyoga’s husband always takes them with him in his waistband when he drives his car to Cotonou, Benin’s capital.
He says: 'I put my twins in my belts because I know they protect me. Nothing bad will happen to me with them. I won’t get robbed, won’t get in a car accident, nothing.'
The brothers and sisters of the dead twins do their share as well. They walk with them, keeping them snug in their belts. Under no circumstances do they ever play with them like toys.
If the family is travelling, the statues are kept at a nursery.
Mr Lafforgue visited one such nursery and notes that the sheer number of dolls present reflected the region's high mortality rate.
He also met a woman called Mrs Ablossi, who lost two pairs of twins and a set of triplets. Since their death, she says she has been blessed with good luck and became a 'Queen' of the tribe.
She also says prayers for local women who are infertile - and claims the prayers work and the women then get pregnant.
Ablossi keeps her dead children in an iron box, all aligned. When Mr Lafforgue asked her how they passed away, she responded: 'The first twins left us because they couldn’t stand the way my husband and I fought.' The triplets died at the age of one.
Mr Lafforgue then asked how many children she had in total, to which she replied: 'In voodoo, we do not divulge this number. It’s a secret. Because if I tell you how many I have, a clever spirit may hear us and take them from me. It’s better now that I don’t tell you anything anymore.'
In a quest to see whether a more educated family held the same beliefs, Mr Lafforgue visited Eric, an English teacher in nearby Ouidah, who lives in a modern house with a television.
Eric and his wife have one doll, Paterna, who represents a twin who died - though the other survived. The couple speak to the Paterna statue daily and consult her when they have a problem.
Eric explains: 'We have enemies, this is very common in a society with so much jealousy.'
He never forgets to offer Paterna sugary drinks in the temple, and when clothing is made for the living children, the doll gets garments cut from the same cloth. When Paterna is old enough to go to school, she'll be taken to the classroom by her siblings.
Before Mr Lafforgue left, he visited a local medical dispensary - which was empty but for seven nurses who had leaflets about AIDS and Ebola. The doctor there had a different explanation for the continuous death of the twins - malaria, spread by mosquitoes and made worse by unsanitised water.
But the £5 cost of anti-malarial treatment means many villagers can't afford it. It also means the local sculptor, who makes the voodoo twin statues, is sadly never short of work.
Daily Mail.
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